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Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003 Jun 26 [Epub ahead of print].
Human nasal mucosa contains antigen-presenting cells of strikingly different functional phenotypes.
Jahnsen FL, Gran E, Haye R, Brandtzaeg P.
Inst. of Pathology, LIIPAT, Oslo, Norway.
Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) constitute a heterogeneous leukocyte population that controls T-cell induction. Experimental animal studies have delineated the principal APCs of the airway mucosa as a network of intraepithelial dendritic cells (DCs). Whether the situation is comparable in the human airways is unknown. Here we performed a detailed characterization of putative APCs residing in the normal upper airway mucosa employing confocal microscopy of whole-mount preparations combined with immunophenotyping. A dense network of HLA-DR+ cells with dendritic morphology was found not only in the epithelium (median number, 573 per mm(2)), but also in the lamina propria. In both compartments these cells could be divided into two main populations based on their phenotypic characteristics: the majority expressed a macrophage-like phenotype (CD11b+CD14+CD64+CD68+RFD7+), while the smaller population was predominantly constituted by CD1c+CD11c+ immature DCs intermingled with the former. These immature DCs corresponded to the lineage-negative HLA-DR+CD11c+ DC subset present in peripheral blood. Thus, the human upper airway mucosa, in contrast to the rodent counterpart, contains a heterogeneous dense network of dendritic APCs consisting of spatially closely related macrophages and DCs. How these two cell populations regulate the tone of the local adaptive immune system should be the focus of further studies.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12829449&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Blood. 2003 Jun 26 [Epub ahead of print].
Toll-like receptors stimulate human neutrophil function.
Hayashi F, Means TK, Luster AD.
Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
The first immune cell to arrive at the site of infection is the neutrophil. Upon arrival, neutrophils quickly initiate microbicidal functions, including the production of anti-microbial products and pro-inflammatory cytokines that serve to contain infection. This allows the acquired immune system enough time to generate sterilizing immunity and memory. Neutrophils detect the presence of a pathogen through germ-line encoded receptors that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns. In vertebrates, the best characterized of these receptors are Toll-like Receptors (TLRs). We have determined the expression and function of TLRs in freshly isolated human neutrophils. Neutrophils expressed TLR1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 - all TLRs except for TLR3. GM-CSF treatment increased TLR2 and TLR9 expression levels. The agonists of all TLRs expressed in neutrophils triggered or primed cytokine release, superoxide generation, and L-selectin shedding, while inhibiting chemotaxis to IL-8 and increasing phagocytosis of opsonized latex beads. The response to the TLR9 agonist CpG DNA required GM-CSF pretreatment, which also enhanced the response to the other TLR agonists. Finally, using quantitative PCR, we demonstrate a chemokine expression profile that suggests that TLR-stimulated neutrophils recruit innate, but not acquired, immune cells to sites of infection.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12829592&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
po.cwru.edu
A number of diseases and pathological conditions are related to the long-term adaptive response to stress, in particular under conditions of chronic stress when allostasis can shift from a healthy toward a pathological state. Although a vast number of studies have focused on the effects of chronic stress on brain and the immune system, fewer studies have been performed in peripheral tissues. Here, we used the intact isolated right atrium (pacemaker) from the rat to investigate the temporal effects of stress induced by immobilization (restraint stress) on the sensitivity of the pacemaker to the chronotropic response to isoproterenol (i.e., the effect of isoproterenol to increase the frequency of contractions of pacemakers). Immobilization sessions were conducted a specific number of times (1, 3, 7, 9, 11, and 14). We found that the response to stress over time approximates a Gaussian distribution (i.e., normal standard distribution) with no significant effects being detected after either 1 or 14 immobilization sessions, whereas supersensitivity to the chronotropic effect of isoproterenol occurred after 3, 7, 9, and 11 immobilization sessions, with a peak effect occurring after seven immobilization sessions. At a cellular level, we determined that both corticosterone and neuronal uptake of catecholamines were directly involved with the observed effects, whereas no alterations in the homogeneity of beta-adrenoceptors were detected in pacemakers of stressed animals. We hypothesize that these adaptations are essentially beneficial in nature, as they should allow the animals to more promptly respond to the demands imposed by the stressful conditions.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12829727&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
Br J Nurs. 2003 Jun;12(11 Suppl):S17-8, S20, S22 passim.
Stress responses, pressure ulcer development and adaptation.
Jones J.
Stoke Mandeville Hospital NHS Trust, Buckinghamshire.
This case study explores the possible psychosocial concepts underpinning a spinal cord-injured patients' pressure ulcer development, his response to the treatment offered and subsequent self-discharge. By examining both the physiological and psychological reactions of stress through conceptual models, it was possible to depict that there is a close relationship between autonomic responses and an individual's emotional and appraisal attributes. The effect of stress on the immune system was reviewed, with particular focus placed on the wound-healing process and the inflammatory phase. This identified a probable correlation between emotional stress and pressure ulcer development. An individual's reaction to emotional stressors is frequently associated with his/her unique coping strategies and their interplay with social support mechanisms. This case study will depict both positive and negative coping strategies and how the lack of social support influenced the final outcome. Through the provision of an anonymous patient history, investigation will be made into the effects of stress experienced by a patient. Models of stress and the patient's related physiological and psychological reactions will be discussed. Examination will be made into how the use of social support could have influenced the patient's coping mechanisms.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12829975&dopt=Abstract
An Med Interna. 2003 May;20(5):247-50.
[Kikuchi's disease: a case report and literature review]
[Article in Spanish]
Lozano Parras MA, Anguita Alonso P, Ciguenza Gabriel R, Calvo Manuel E, Alba Losada J, Espinos Perez D.
Servicio de Medicina Interna I. Hospital Clinico San Carlos. Madrid, Spain.
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, also known as hystiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is an unusual entity which affects predominantely young asiatic females, although its distribution is world-wide. Cardinal symptoms are fever and adenopathy, generally cervical, although generalized and extraganglionar cases have been described. Considered a self-limiting disease, it has to be differentiated by pathologic analysis from other less-benign disorders such as lymphoma or hystiocitoma, which bear worse prognosis and may require specific treatment. Although the origin of this disease is unknown, a viral origin is postulated and the immune system is involved Kikuchi disease has been associated to other entities such as subcutaneous lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto thyroiditis, etc... requiring patients be followed immunologically alter diagnosis of this disease. We present a case of Kikuchi disease associated with subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis.
online pharmacy ref. source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12831299&dopt=Abstract [PubMed - in process]
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