Drugs online research references
Int J Pharm. 2003 Mar 26;254(2):109-21.
Characterization of hydrophobized pullulan with various hydrophobicities.
Jung SW, Jeong YI, Kim SH.
College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, #375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea.
In this study, we prepared self-assembling nanospheres of hydrophobized pullulan. Pullulan acetate (PA), as hydrophobized pullulan, was synthesized by the acetylation of pullulan. PA derivatives were synthesized by changing the degree of acetylation. PA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The particle size distribution of the PA was determined using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and the number-average particle size was found to depend upon the degree of acetylation of PA. Morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the PA nanospheres were spherical in shape. The fluorescence probe technique was used to study the self-association behavior of hydrophobized pullulans in water using pyrene as a hydrophobic probe. The critical association concentration (CAC) values were determined from the fluorescence excitation spectra, CAC values were dependent upon the degree of acetylation. Drug release studies using clonazepam (CNZ) as a hydrophobic model drug showed that the increased drug contents and increased degree of acetylation resulted in a slower release rate of drug from the nanospheres. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12623187&dopt=Abstract
Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2003 Feb;32(1):46-50.
[Population pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in pediatric patients]
[Article in Chinese]
Wang J, Liang WQ, Wu JJ.
The Children's Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study population pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in pediatric patients by using sparse data. METHODS: We used routinely collected therapeutic drug monitoring data, derived from the steady state serum concentrations of phenytoin in 42 pediatric outpatients with epilepsy. Depending on whether the patients were administered with phenytoin alone or coadministered with phenobabital or clonazepam, the subjects were divided into two groups: phenytoin group and coadministration group. The population parameter and individual parameter of phenytoin in children were estimated using Monte Carlo method. RESULTS: The children's phenytoin population pharmacokinetic parameters Vm and Km were 9.8 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) and 2.73 mg/L in phenytoin group; and 9.2 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) and 3.24 mg/L in coadministration group. There were good relationship between predicted and determined concentrations with correlation coefficient of 0.999 and 0.984, respectively. CONCLUSION: The coadministration of phenobarbital or clonazepam obviously affected the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. The population pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in children may provide a usefull index for individualization of dosage regimen.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12640710&dopt=Abstract
akh-wien.ac.at
The value of a long-term treatment with clonazepam in the prophylaxis of affective disorder is discussed controversially in the scientific literature. Altogether there are only a few reports on the use of this compound as a mood stabilizer, most of them describing patients suffering from bipolar affective disorder. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate clonazepam as a phase prophylactic medication in affective disorder. We conducted a retrospective chart review in 34 out-patients of our lithium clinic (15 suffering from unipolar depression, 15 from bipolar disorder, four from schizoaffective disorder), who had been treated with clonazepam as a long-term medication. Clonazepam was either given as monotherapy, or as in the case of lithium non-responders, as adjunctive therapy. Patients with unipolar depression had significantly (P=0.026) less depressive episodes after initiation of treatment with clonazepam. Patients with bipolar disorder did not benefit from this therapy. Neither manic/hypomanic phases nor depressive episodes were reduced in this group of patients. Interestingly, clonazepam also reduced affective phases in our four schizoaffective patients on a trend level. Our results indicate that patients with unipolar depression may benefit from a maintenance treatment with clonazepam. Due to methodological limitations our results need to be replicated in controlled double-blind randomized clinical trials.
online pharmacy ref source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12650958&dopt=Abstract
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